The nitrous tank boom: where the big flavored cylinders come from, and what the law did about them

A whipped-cream charger holds 8 grams of nitrous oxide. Since the late 2010s, smoke shops, gas stations and Amazon have sold the same gas in flavored tanks that hold up to 2,000 grams, with labels in candy colors, cartoon art and borrowed pop-culture styling. This page follows the tanks back to where they are filled, sets out who has sued whom, and records what the FDA, eight state legislatures and a House committee have done about them. The nitrous oxide area has the pharmacology. The medical facts here are quoted from the literature at the end.

From an 8-gram charger to a 2-kilogram tank

The lawyers who sued Amazon in 2026 put the change at the end of the last decade: "Things changed in the late 2010s when companies, including" the brands they named, began making much larger canisters for Amazon to sell.[1] Their complaint gives the ceiling as 3.3 liters, or 2,000 grams of gas in one container, and prices it. By the complaint's figures, ten chargers cost $16.95 on Amazon, about $0.13 a gram; six 2,000-gram watermelon tanks cost $305.88, about $0.03 a gram.[1]

Figure 1. The old format, as a 2026 complaint pictures it: a box of single-use chargers. The paragraph below dates the change to the late 2010s and gives the new ceiling, 3.3 liters or 2,000 grams in one canister. [1]

Figure 2. The new format, from the next page of the same complaint. The plaintiff says Amazon sold these watermelon-flavored 2,000-gram tanks as a six-pack for $305.88, about $0.03 a gram against $0.13 for chargers. [1]

Galaxy Gas, the brand that gave the trend its name, came in seven sizes. The first class action against it lists them: "Galaxy Gas is available in chargers or canisters of 8g, 375g, 580g, 615g, 700g, 1365g, and 2000g."[2] The product image the FDA published with its 2025 advisory shows a HOTWHIP tank marked 2560g.[3]

Figure 3. The sizes pleaded in the first Galaxy Gas class action and printed on the HotWhip tank in the FDA's own product image, drawn to scale against one 8-gram charger. The largest holds what 320 chargers hold. [2]

Federal regulation treats nitrous oxide as a food ingredient with "no limitations other than current good manufacturing practice", which is why a culinary label lets anyone sell it.[4] The president of iSi North America, the maker of the chargers professional kitchens buy, told The Atlantic in 2025 that "iSi does not sell large tanks of nitrous oxide as they have no culinary application and are increasingly associated with misuse".[5] The plaintiffs suing Amazon put it more bluntly: "Any claim of culinary use by Defendants is a fig leaf deployed to maintain a veneer of legitimacy for their nitrous oxide large canister products."[1]

Figure 4. Galaxy Gas as its first class action pictured it in February 2025: a tank sold with a nozzle attached, and a 120-pack of chargers in strawberry livery. [2]

Galaxy Gas: a smoke-shop chain's brand, filled in China

CBS News found that "Galaxy Gas LLC was incorporated in Georgia in October 2021." The registration was in the name of an officer of the Cloud 9 smoke-shop chain.[6] A company spokesperson later produced an operating agreement "listing a Delaware-based company, Pluto Brands LLC, as the owner of Galaxy Gas LLC".[6] The Atlantic reported that the brand "was founded in 2021 by three brothers" who ran Cloud 9.[5]

New York magazine reported how the gas got into the tanks: "the gas market in America is controlled by a few major distributors that handle the complicated work of importing gas, often from China".[7] When the founders could not get enough of an existing brand for their shops, they managed to "convince a fire extinguisher manufacturer to make them cylindrical tanks and found an international gas supplier".[7] A Cloud 9 executive told the magazine that the brand "would grow to represent nearly 30 percent of all nitrous sold in the country", and former employees said that by the end of 2023 "the product was stocked in somewhere between 5,000 and 7,000 stores nationwide".[7]

Figure 5. New York magazine, January 6, 2025, in an archived copy. Its reporting, from former employees of the smoke-shop chain behind Galaxy Gas, is the most detailed account of how the brand was built. [7]

Galaxy Gas has since confirmed the supply chain in its own court filings.[8] Its motion to dismiss in a Florida wrongful-death case, filed April 17, 2025, opens with the company's description of itself: "Defendant Galaxy Gas, LLC, is a Georgia-based company that imported a nitrous oxide product for culinary use and marketed it under the Galaxy Gas brand."[8] The next sentence: "Galaxy Gas, LLC, purchased this product from a third-party Chinese manufacturer and arranged for it to be white-labeled for sale in the United States."[8] And the sale: "On October 3, 2024, Pluto Brands sold its membership interest in Galaxy Gas, LLC, to the Chinese manufacturer that originally supplied the product".[8] A 2026 injury suit in Washington names a Chinese company, Xuzhou Basic Industry Co., Ltd., as a defendant doing business as Galaxy Gas.[1]

Figure 6. Galaxy Gas in its own words, filed April 17, 2025. The company says it bought the product from a Chinese manufacturer, had it white-labeled, and that its owner sold the company to that manufacturer on October 3, 2024. [8]

The brand name moved separately from the company.[9] The trademark registration for GALAXY GAS covers "nitrous oxide for industrial use, including for use in the culinary industry", and its record shows an "automatic update of assignment of ownership" on September 25, 2024, eight days before the company sale.[9] The registered owner is now OIIO FD TEK LLC, a Delaware company at an address in Kennesaw, Georgia; the registration issued on January 14, 2025.[9] New York magazine reported that "the trademark for Galaxy Gas was sold for $1 to a newly registered entity".[7]

The company stopped selling in September 2024, after its tanks became the prop in a run of viral videos. A spokesperson told CBS that "sales were stopped on Sept. 19 out of an abundance of caution due to the social media trend", and added that "Galaxy Gas is neither the only nor the largest nitrous oxide brand".[6] Asked why a buyer would need a tank big enough for thousands of servings of whipped cream, the same spokesperson told CBS the product was an "erotic culinary lubricant".[6] In court the company describes the product as "not a recreational inhalant, but a food-grade propellant intended for culinary use."[8]

The other labels

Galaxy Gas was one label among many, and New York magazine reported that a few large distributors import most of them.[7] The Florida wrongful-death complaint describes several of the brand companies.[10] Looper Whip's maker "is the manufacturer of nitrous oxide tanks under the brand" and "Fusion International Trading Co. Ltd. is located in Shanghai, China", according to the plaintiff.[10] Cosmic Gas is attributed to a Las Vegas company that "is a manufacturer of CBD products, vape products and nitrous oxide tanks under the brand", in the complaint's words.[10] Those are a plaintiff's descriptions of the defendants, not findings.

Figure 7. The example products the FDA published with its advisory, as archived June 30, 2025. The HOTWHIP box says Premium European Quality and 2560g; the Crooom tank is labelled cotton candy. [3]

The FDA's advisory of March 14, 2025 named twelve brands, among them Galaxy Gas, Cosmic Gas, Baking Bad, HOTWHIP, MassGass, Monster Gas and Miami Magic, and on June 4, 2025 "The FDA updated the list of product brand names to include ExoticWhip, FastGas, and NITROX."[3] The HOTWHIP tank in the agency's own product photograph is boxed as Premium European Quality.[3] A New Orleans suit filed in 2024 shows how far the supply web reaches.[11] By the time United Brands removed it to federal court in June 2025, its caption named a Chinese company, Great International Supply Chain Management Co., Ltd., alongside Galaxy Gas, a Polish limited company, STM Management Sp. z o.o., the Whip-It! distributor United Brands, and eighteen New Orleans-area shops.[11] The plaintiff alleges that "twenty-one alleged tobacco stores, head shops, and distributors orchestrated an illicit nitrous oxide distribution ring", and that she bought GreatWhip and Galaxy Gas tanks among others: "Combel alleged that she purchased GreatWhip and Galaxy Gas branded nitrous oxide" canisters from the defendant stores.[11]

Figure 8. One New Orleans lawsuit, one caption: a Chinese supply-chain company, Galaxy Gas, a Polish limited company, a California brand house and eighteen local shops, all sued by a woman who says nitrous left her unable to walk properly. [11]

New York magazine, citing import records, reported that "over 9 million tanks of nitrous were imported by U.S. distributors in the past year", naming the Miami Magic owner Commerce Enterprises and GreatWhip among the importers.[7] Its reporter wrote that "I reached out to nine Chinese gas manufacturers" posing as a smoke-shop buyer, and that all were willing to sell for recreational use; one reply came from "a representative for a company called Langfang Yolo Technology".[7]

Lookalikes, and a judge's view of the art

Whether the tank labels copy other people's work has been argued in court once, and the party complaining was a nitrous brand.[12] New York magazine had already reported that "smoke shops in Atlanta are now stocking a Galaxy Gas rip-off called Cosmic Gas".[7]

Figure 9. Miami Magic's storefront on March 2, 2023, archived. The tank in the banner wears the montage label a federal judge would describe three years later. [13]

In late 2025 CE Brand Holdings Pty Ltd sued a group of sellers in federal court in Chicago.[12] The judge's order of February 17, 2026 sets out the dispute: "This case concerns Defendants" alleged infringement of the plaintiff's rights "for two brands of nitrous oxide (N2O) aerosol canisters", Miami Magic and SupremeWhip.[12] The court turned to the plaintiff's own label first. It wrote that "the Miami Magic brand features a design that seems clearly designed to evoke (or, perhaps, to rip off) the cover art associated with the Grand Theft Auto series of videogames".[12] The order records that "Counsel also admitted at the hearing that the Miami Magic brand is designed to appeal to young adults."[12] The judge said caution was needed "lest the Court inadvertently offer its protection to a product that may be marketed for an illegal purpose", found the accused Flyd whip and Superb Whip tanks not similar enough to confuse buyers, and denied the restraining order. The order adds: "Plaintiff may submit an amended complaint and/or TRO motion if it can correct the issues noted above."[12]

Figure 10. Figure 1 of the order of February 17, 2026. Left and right, the Miami Magic labels of 2021 and 2023; centre, the tank its owner said copied them. The judge refused a restraining order and wrote that the Miami Magic art seems designed to evoke the Grand Theft Auto cover art. [12]

Other labels borrow from popular culture too. The Baking Bad tanks on Miami Magic's own store in June 2026 set the brand name in element-symbol tiles under a cartoon of a goateed man in glasses and a chef's hat, in the manner of the title card of the television series Breaking Bad.[14] A search of the CourtListener index of federal dockets on October 11, 2026 for Baking Bad, Miami Magic, Galaxy Gas, Cosmic Gas, ExoticWhip, Smartwhip and MassGass found no suit by the owner of a borrowed film, game or television property against a nitrous brand. Copying also runs the other way, according to buyers. A Reddit user in 2023 reported that Smartwhip and ExoticWhip tanks with "completely identical cannister label designs to the ones on their official websites can be found on the wholesale chinese websites available by the pallet with shipping direct from china".[15] That is one buyer's report, posted with links to the wholesale listings.[15]

Figure 11. The same store on June 15, 2026, archived. The sale row offers Baking Bad tanks of 2.2 and 3.3 liters, whose labels set the brand name in element-symbol tiles under a cartoon of a goateed man in glasses and a chef's hat. [14]

The 2026 complaints against Amazon argue that the labels are aimed at users, not cooks. One says the products "bear edgy names and bright colors that nod toward drug" culture, not the food industry.[16] Another reproduces Miami Magic's four-flavor 3.3-liter tank, watermelon, strawberry guava, blue raspberry and rainbow candy, from the brand's own site.[17]

Figure 12. The four flavors of Miami Magic's 3.3-liter, 2,050-gram tank, as a January 2026 complaint reproduced them from the brand's own website. [17]

How they reached every corner store

The distribution ran through the shops that already sold vapes and pipes. The FDA's advisory lists the channels: "These products are being sold online and at retailers including, but not limited to Amazon.com, eBay, Walmart, and at smoke/vape shops and gas stations."[3] Evidence from the trial of the Whip-It! distributor United Brands, as The Atlantic summarized it, showed that three quarters of its "customers were smoke shops, not bakeries or cafes".[5] New York magazine counted the stores carrying Galaxy Gas in the thousands, as quoted above.[7]

Florida shows how little an existing law did. Its statute has said for years that "Any person who knowingly distributes, sells, purchases, transfers, or possesses more than 16 grams of nitrous oxide commits a felony of the third degree".[18] Every large tank holds more than 16 grams.[2] The woman whose death that Florida case concerns bought her tanks in Orlando smoke shops anyway, according to her family's complaint,[10] and Galaxy Gas's motion to dismiss cites the same statute against her, as proof that her own use was illegal.[8]

The lawsuits

The case cited most often against the industry ended quietly.[19] In September 2023 a St. Louis County jury awarded $745 million to the parents of Marissa Politte, killed by a driver who had inhaled Whip-It! chargers.[19] Most coverage, and several later complaints, stop there; the Florida complaint against Galaxy Gas cites the award without the settlement.[10] The St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported on April 30, 2024 what happened next: "Two companies have agreed to pay $5 million to the parents of a woman killed on a sidewalk outside a Ballwin urgent care by a driver who huffed inhalants before the crash."[19] Under the settlement neither United Brands nor the shop that sold the chargers can appeal.[19] The Atlantic's February 2025 article still described the company as ordered to pay $720 million.[5]

Figure 13. The verdict most often cited against the industry, and what it became. The Post-Dispatch reported on April 30, 2024 that the $745 million award was settled for $5 million, with no appeal. [19]

The Galaxy Gas cases began in 2025.[2] A class action in the Northern District of Georgia, filed February 27, 2025, opens by calling Galaxy Gas "the most popular nitrous oxide product on the market".[2] The family of Margaret Caldwell, who died on November 22, 2024 behind an Orange County smoke shop according to their complaint, sued shops and brands in Florida state court.[10] The case was removed to federal court, where Galaxy Gas moved to dismiss it.[8] The New Orleans case followed the same pattern with a wider net of importers.[11]

In 2026 plaintiffs turned to Amazon.[1] Complaints filed in Seattle between January and May by a Georgia man who names Miami Magic, a New York man who names Galaxy Gas, and the parents of a young woman who died argue that Amazon sold large flavored tanks while its own reviews showed buyers inhaling them.[17][1][16] Both men say they were diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency.[17][1]

The states, the FDA and Congress

Nitrous oxide is not a scheduled drug in the United States, and the federal government's one formal step toward international control ended in surveillance.[20] In August 2023 the FDA asked for public comment before a World Health Organization review, describing the gas this way: "It is approved by FDA as a medical gas but has seen increasing use around the world for its subjective effects."[21] WHO's expert committee recommended keeping it under surveillance.[20] The FDA's February 2024 notice of that outcome carries the committee's description: "It is also manufactured for industrial use, including in food production, as small metal canisters (bulbs) and larger cylinders."[20]

Figure 14. The federal government's only formal step toward scheduling, August 7, 2023: an FDA request for comments ahead of a WHO review. The description of nitrous oxide is at the foot of the right column. WHO chose surveillance. [21]

The FDA's advisory of March 14, 2025 named the tank brands. It reads: "FDA advises consumers not to inhale nitrous oxide products from any size canisters, tanks, or chargers."[3] An advisory is not a ban.[3]

The states moved first. Louisiana's Act 248 took effect on August 1, 2024, and the state's alcohol and tobacco regulator told every permit holder that "Act 248 amended prior law by prohibiting any entity, business, or corporation to produce, manufacturer, possess, sell, or otherwise transfer" nitrous oxide for inhaling.[22] Michigan made it a misdemeanor in 2024 to sell "an object specifically designed for inhaling nitrous oxide for recreational purposes", with higher penalties for sales to minors.[23] Alabama's governor signed SB 78 in April 2025, and the Alabama Political Reporter noted: "The law also establishes the unlawful sale of inhalants as a Class D felony."[24] Kentucky's KRS 438.343, in force from June 27, 2025, bars any retailer from selling a canister or tank that exclusively contains nitrous oxide.[25]

Figure 15. Louisiana's enforcement notice to every alcohol and tobacco permit holder, August 1, 2024, the day Act 248 took effect. It is the first state notice of its kind found for this page. [22]

Figure 16. Eight states legislated against retail nitrous sales between 2024 and 2026, by the statutes cited in this section. Older laws that only criminalize inhaling are not shown. [25]

Four more followed in 2026. Washington's ESHB 2532 makes it a gross misdemeanor to sell a device, canister, tank or receptacle "either exclusively containing nitrous oxide or flavored nitrous oxide", and says that "This section does not apply to the sale of nitrous oxide contained in food products for use as a propellant."[26] Tennessee's legislature records that "SB1843 has been assigned Public Chapter Number 702 by the Secretary of State."[27] The governor signed it on April 29, 2026, and the ban took effect on July 1.[27] Oklahoma's "House Bill 1933, authored by Rep. Danny Sterling, R-Tecumseh, and known as the Maddix Bias Act" was announced as signed on May 12, 2026.[28] Florida's governor approved SB 432, Meg's Law, which bars tobacco and nicotine dealers from selling nitrous oxide from October 1, 2026; it became Chapter No. 2026-148.[29]

Figure 17. Washington's 2026 statute names the product by shape: a device, canister, tank or receptacle, flavored or not. Food propellant, medicine and cars are carved out. [26]

Figure 18. Florida's Meg's Law, enrolled 2026, named for a woman who died outside an Orlando smoke shop. It reaches only tobacco and nicotine licensees and exempts grocery stores. [29]

Congress is behind the states. On September 16, 2026 the House Energy and Commerce Committee voted on Representative Kevin Mullin's Nitrous Oxide Safety Act, a ban on retail sales to consumers: "lawmakers voted unanimously 36-0 to pass the bill forward".[30] Mullin told the committee that "a consumer ban is both necessary and appropriate because nitrous oxide is that dangerous".[30] A Senate bill from a group of Democrats is narrower and "would ban flavored nitrous canisters and marketing directed at young people".[30] The Reason Foundation argued in April 2026 that "bans or laws that curtail sales in certain locations are unlikely to eliminate the dangers" and argued for regulation and education instead.[31]

Are they still sold?

Yes. The Miami Magic store, archived on June 15, 2026, listed a "Miami Magic 2050g 3.3L Flavored N2O Cylinder" and a "Miami Magic 4.5L Cream Charger Canister" alongside Baking Bad tanks of 2.2 and 3.3 liters and a 640-gram KingWhip cylinder.[14] The same store in March 2023 already advertised "Offering industry leading quality N2O cylinders and 9g blue cream chargers."[13] The 2026 Amazon complaints allege that tank sales continued after the FDA advisory.[1][16] Galaxy Gas left its founders' stores in September 2024.[6][7]

What the medical literature says

These are the documented harms. They are quoted, not summarized from memory, and this page gives no dose.

Nerve damage from vitamin B12. A 2023 systematic review explains the mechanism as the gas's "ability to oxidize vitamin B12, making it dysfunctional as a cofactor in metabolic pathways".[32] It also warns that a normal blood test can mislead, because of the "lack of decrease in total vitamin B12 in most cases despite genuine vitamin B12 functional deficiency"; the authors recommend homocysteine and methylmalonic acid tests instead.[32] The FDA's advisory says that "For some individuals who regularly inhale nitrous oxide, this habit can lead to prolonged neurological effects, including spinal cord or brain damage, even after stopping use."[3]

Cold burns. A 2025 review in the European Burn Journal gives the liquefied gas at between −55 °C and −88.5 °C under normal pressure, and adds: "When the gas is released, its temperature rapidly increases to" −40 °C.[33] Contact with the gas or with the chilled metal of the tank causes frostbite, and "The time needed for nitrous oxide to cause a deeper frostbite is not known."[33] Galaxy Gas tanks came with a nozzle, and the 2026 complaints say inhaling straight from a nozzle risks frostbite to the lips, mouth and throat.[2][1]

Oxygen. A 2022 systematic review lists the documented harms as including "death by asphyxiation, psychiatric sequelae such as psychosis and physical symptoms such as burns or frostbitten skin".[34] Nitrous from a tank is not mixed with oxygen as it is in a dentist's chair.[1] In an emergency, a pediatric emergency physician told CBS, if a person is unconscious "the first step is to administer CPR and then to call 911 for assistance".[6]

Deaths. A July 2025 research letter counted deaths involving nitrous oxide poisoning on US death certificates, "with 23 deaths observed in 2010 and 156 deaths observed in 2023".[35] The same letter qualifies the trend: "This upward trend was significant through 2018 but plateaued from 2019 to 2023."[35] The code it counted is broad, "but this code also includes deaths attributed to other binary compounds of oxygen and nitrogen", and the authors note "potential underreporting if nitrous oxide was not tested".[35] That puts most of the measured rise before the large flavored tanks, which the 2026 complaints date to the late 2010s and which Galaxy Gas brought to its own shops from 2021.[1][7] The Atlantic reported that "nitrous-oxide-related emergency-room visits in Michigan more than doubled from 2022 to 2023".[5]

Figure 19. The national death-certificate count, from a July 2025 research letter. The rate rose until 2018 and was flat from 2019 to 2023, so most of the rise predates the large flavored tanks. [35]

Still open

• Who fills the tanks for the brands other than Galaxy Gas. The court filings name a Shanghai trading company for Looper Whip and a Chinese supply-chain company for GreatWhip; no filing read for this page names a filling plant for Miami Magic, Baking Bad, Cosmic Gas or HOTWHIP. US import records by bill of lading were not searched.
• Galaxy Gas after the sale. Whether the Chinese owner has sold Galaxy Gas in the United States since October 2024 is not stated in any document read for this page. An insurance suit by Gemini Insurance Company against Galaxy Gas, LLC, filed in the Northern District of Georgia in February 2026, was located on the docket index; its complaint was not read.
• Trademark disputes over borrowed art. The federal docket search described above returned no suit by the owner of a film, game or show. State courts and trademark opposition proceedings at the Patent and Trademark Office were not searched.
• FDA warning letters. A web search of fda.gov on October 11, 2026 for warning letters naming nitrous oxide tank or charger brands returned the consumer advisory and no warning letter.
• Congressional letters. A document on the House website kean.house.gov, filed as a letter of July 22, 2026 to corporations selling nitrous oxide, was found by web search; its text was not read for this page.

Figure 20. The dated record from this page in one column. [6]

References

1. Krouse v. Amazon.com Services LLC, No. 2:26-cv-01286 (W.D. Wash.), complaint, April 14, 2026 — US District Court for the Western District of Washington, via RECAP
2. Iannotti v. Galaxy Gas, LLC, No. 1:25-cv-01037 (N.D. Ga.), class action complaint, February 27, 2025 — US District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, via RECAP
3. FDA Advises Consumers Not to Inhale Nitrous Oxide Products — US Food and Drug Administration, March 14, 2025, updated June 4, 2025
4. 21 CFR 184.1545, Nitrous oxide — Electronic Code of Federal Regulations
5. The Illegal Drug at Every Corner Store — The Atlantic, February 3, 2025, archived
6. The Galaxy Gas trend whipping up controversy on social media — CBS News, October 10, 2024, archived
7. The Next Drug Epidemic Is Blue Raspberry Flavored — New York magazine (Intelligencer), January 6, 2025, archived
8. Dial v. Fuego Smoke & Vape, LLC, No. 6:25-cv-00551 (M.D. Fla.), motion to dismiss by Galaxy Gas, LLC and Pluto Brands, LLC, April 17, 2025 — US District Court for the Middle District of Florida, via RECAP
9. GALAXY GAS, US serial number 97426348, registration 7647108: status and prosecution history — US Patent and Trademark Office, TSDR
10. Dial v. Fuego Smoke & Vape, LLC, class action complaint as filed in Orange County, Florida, exhibit to the notice of removal, March 27, 2025 — US District Court for the Middle District of Florida, via RECAP
11. Combel v. Great International Supply Chain Management Co., Ltd., No. 2:25-cv-01252 (E.D. La.), notice of removal by United Brands, June 18, 2025 — US District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana, via RECAP
12. CE Brand Holdings Pty Ltd v. Luckstars Technology Limited, No. 1:25-cv-15664 (N.D. Ill.), order denying a temporary restraining order, February 17, 2026 — US District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, via RECAP
13. Miami Magic Infusions home page, archived March 2, 2023 — Wayback Machine
14. Miami Magic Infusions home page, archived June 15, 2026 — Wayback Machine
15. So what's the deal with counterfeit nitrous brands? Is it a thing? (r/NitrousOxide, July 12, 2023) — Reddit — anecdotal report, not evidence
16. Good v. Amazon.com Services LLC, No. 2:26-cv-01634 (W.D. Wash.), complaint, May 13, 2026 — US District Court for the Western District of Washington, via RECAP
17. Todd v. Amazon.com Services, LLC, No. 2:26-cv-00278 (W.D. Wash.), complaint, January 23, 2026 — US District Court for the Western District of Washington, via RECAP
18. Florida Statutes 877.111, Inhalation, ingestion, possession, sale, purchase, or transfer of harmful chemical substances — Florida Legislature
19. Family of Ballwin woman killed in Whip-It! crash settles with companies for $5 million — St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 30, 2024, archived
20. International Drug Scheduling; WHO scheduling recommendations of the 46th Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (FDA notice) — Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register, February 8, 2024
21. International Drug Scheduling; Convention on Psychotropic Substances; Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs; Bromazolam; [...] Nitrous Oxide (N2O); Carisoprodol; Request for Comments (FDA-2023-N-3032) — Food and Drug Administration, Federal Register 88 FR 52179, August 7, 2023
22. Advisory: 2024 legislative changes. Nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, poppers, or snappers are prohibited in all ATC permitted locations — Louisiana Office of Alcohol and Tobacco Control, August 1, 2024
23. MCL 333.7455, as amended by 2024 PA 19, effective June 10, 2024 — Michigan Legislature
24. Gov. Ivey signs bill criminalizing inhalants into law — Alabama Political Reporter, April 7, 2025
25. KRS 438.343, Prohibition on sale of nitrous oxide (created 2025 Ky. Acts ch. 78, effective June 27, 2025) — Kentucky Legislative Research Commission
26. Engrossed Substitute House Bill 2532 (2026), as passed by the legislature — Washington State Legislature
27. SB 1843 / Public Chapter 702 (2026), bill history — Tennessee General Assembly
28. New Law Targets Nitrous Oxide Misuse in Oklahoma — Oklahoma House of Representatives, May 12, 2026
29. CS for SB 432 (2026), enrolled; chapter 2026-148, Laws of Florida — Florida Senate
30. Proposed nitrous oxide ban clears Congressional hurdle, goes to full House for vote — InvestigateTV (Gray Media), via FOX19, September 16, 2026
31. States react to nitrous oxide deaths with unnecessary, unworkable bans — Reason Foundation, April 22, 2026
32. Vitamin B12 Status in Recreational Users of Nitrous Oxide: A Systematic Review Focusing on the Prevalence of Laboratory Abnormalities. Antioxidants 2023;12(6):1191 — Antioxidants (MDPI), via PubMed Central
33. Recreational Use of Nitrous Oxide as a Source of Frostbite Injuries to the Skin: A Review of the Literature and a Case Report. European Burn Journal 2025 — European Burn Journal, via PubMed Central
34. Allan J, Cameron J, Bruno J. A Systematic Review of Recreational Nitrous Oxide Use: Implications for Policy, Service Delivery and Individuals. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19(18):11567 — International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, via PubMed Central
35. Yockey RA, Hoopsick RA. US Nitrous Oxide Mortality. JAMA Network Open 2025;8(7):e2522164 — JAMA Network Open, July 30, 2025, via PubMed Central